How Americans eliminated Passenger Pigeon

And it is man we eat and man we drink

and man who thickens round us like a stain.
Ice at the polar cap smells of men.

A word, a class, a formula, a use:
that is the rhythm, the cycle we impose.
The sirens sang to us to the ends of the sea,

and changed to us; their voices were our own,
jug-jug to dirty ears in dirtied brine.
Pigeons and angels sang us to the sky

and turned to metal and a dirty need.
The height of sky, the depths of sea we are,
sick with a yellow stain, a fouling dye.

Whatever Being is, that formula,
it dies as we pursue it past the word.
We have not asked the meaning but the use.

What is the use of water when it dims?
The use of air that whines in emptiness?
The use of glass-eyed pigeons caged in glass?

That was an extract from ‘Lament for Passenger Pigeons’ by Australian poet, Judith Wright...

Passenger Pigeon's story is about how American dream can be world's nightmare. These birds were once the most numerous birds on the planet (about 5Billion) they were completely eliminated -from the most ever to zero - in less than a century from the wild by a ruthless campaign of eradication. Though it need be added that Passenger Pigeon’s habitat and foraging needs too were unsustainable in long run, as they ransacked in flocks of millions (John James Audubon writes about how he rode under a sky darkened from horizon to horizon by a cloud of passenger pigeons. He estimated that more than a billion birds had passed over him). But what cannot be denied is that these birds were dealt brutally by early American settlers. Thousands of men worked as professional pigeon hunters, they travelled around the country on the new railroads, searching for nesting grounds. When they found one, they killed all they could. When the birds moved to a new roost, the hunter followed them. They were targeted for meat and were shot for sport, both in the wild and in carnival booths where the docile birds proved easy targets. Their tactics were brutal but efficient, long sticks were used to knock the birds and their young from nests where they were then clubbed as they rained down. Fire and sulphur were used to suffocate the birds as they roosted. Live pigeons with eyes sewn shut were also used as decoys to attract other pigeons (they were called “stools”, hence the phrase “stool pigeon”), shotgun was an ever-popular option. One published account quoted a man who recalled shooting blindly into a tree at night and collecting 18 birds. Migrating flocks provided a steady stream of birds that flew so close that 50 could be brought down with a single blast. When the bounty proved too much for a single man or even a single town to use, hogs were loosed to clean the ground of dead pigeons and helpless chirping squabs. The real onslaught began with the onset of large-scale commercial hunting carried out by well-organised trappers and shippers in order to supply the developing cities on the east coast of the United States with a cheap source of meat. These had significant impact on the population of these pigeons. Read these...

In the summer of 1878, the last large breeding colony of Pigeons arrived near Crooked Lake in Petosky, Michigan. The flock covered 40 square miles and for three months yielded over 50,000 birds a day to hunters. One hunter reportedly killed 3,000,000 of the birds and according to one account earned $60,000–more than $1 million in today’s dollars. All told, between 10 and 15 million birds were dressed, packed for sale, and shipped out of Petoskey that summer. Estimates of the total number slaughtered vary widely but agree that the harvest rate was upwards of 90%. Though moderate-sized colonies nested in Michigan in 1881, the bird was never again spotted in that state after 1889.

In 1896, the last remaining flock of Passenger Pigeons settled down to nest. All 250,000 were exterminated in one day by sportsmen who gathered to kill what was advertised as the last wild flock of the birds. Fully aware of the rarity of the species, a 14-year-old boy in Ohio shot the last wild pigeon in the spring of 1900.
All efforts at breeding in captivity failed. The Passenger Pigeon reproduced slowly, had odd mating habits that prevented crossbreeding, and were seemingly incapable of breeding within their species outside of large colonies. One by one, pigeons in captivity died without producing offspring. Finally on September 1st, 1914 the last Passenger Pigeon fell off her perch and died. Martha had lived to be 29. She was frozen in ice and shipped to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington where she was skinned and stuffed. She remains there on display.

These lines by Syrian poet Al Maari

We laughed; our laughing betrayed scorn.
People on this earth should live in fear.
When man shakes hands with Time, Time crushes
Them like tumblers; little pieces of glass.